ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” – ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื•ืคืœื

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื•ืคืœื, ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืจืื•ื™. ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช? ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืกืข ื”ืžืจืชืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”. ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื›ื?

ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ – ืฉืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”

(ื) ื”ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ (ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช) “ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื” ืขื™ืžื ื• ื•ื ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ื•ืืœ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืžื ื• ืืœืงื™ื ืคืŸ ื ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืฉื ืจืข ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ื” ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื˜ืจื ื“ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžืกื˜ืจื ื“ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืคื—ื ื“ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชื ื•ื’ืจื ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ื ื“ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ ื•ื‘’ ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื“ื™ืชื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื™ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”’ ืืœืงื™ื”ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื•ืœื™ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื” ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจืง ืคืฉื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”

(ื‘) ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ (ืค’ ื™) ื”ื™ื” ืจ’ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื›ืœื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืงืจื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื‘’ ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”’ ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื’ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืชืขืกืงืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” – ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืืš ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ืืš ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ืืš ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคืจื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืงื“ืงื“ื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืคื™ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื”ืจื—”ื• (ืฉื) “ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืœื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ื•ืžืขืœืชื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื›ืคืฉื˜ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืื“ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ื›ื ืืชื›ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืœื™ืงื— ืงืจืŸ ืคืจื” ื•ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื™”ื› ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื”. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื• ื ืงื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื›”ื“ ื•ืขื™ื™”ืฉ ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”

(ื’) ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ื˜ืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช (ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืคื™ืœืžืืŸ ื–”ืœ ืื‘ื“ืง”ืง ื‘ื•ืงืจืขืฉื˜, ื•ืข”ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื–ื” ืœืงืžืŸ ?) ื›ืชื‘ “ื•ื˜ืจื ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืขื•ืœืžื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืงืžื”, ืœื“ื‘ืง ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื” ื•ื”ืจืžื”, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื””ืง ืค’ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื” ื ืžืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ืจืžื” ืžืขืœืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืžืชื” ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื”, ื•ืื– ืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืžืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืžืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื›ื›ืœื” ืชืขื“ื” ื›ืœื™ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืฉื™ืข ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืงื•ืฅ ื•ื—ื•ื—, ื•ืœื ื™ืื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื– ื•ื›ื—, ืœื ื™ืื‘ื” ื”’ ืกืœื•ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ื ืฉืžืชื• ืœืจื™ื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื—, ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืœืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”, ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ืจืขื“ื” ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื””ืง ืค’ ืคืงื•ื“ื™. ืชืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืื—ื“ ื™ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช” ืขื›”ืœ ืขื™ื™”ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.

ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื (ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืจืฆ”ื, ื•ืขื•ื“, ืค”ื ืกืง”ื”) ื›ืชื‘ “ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื”ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ืจืžืช ืจืืฉ ืœื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืš ืฉืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืฉื’ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื“ืœืชื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื•ืจื•ื””ืง, ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจื ื• ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื””ืจ ื—ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื•ืœืš, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ืืจ ืœื ื•”.

(ื“) ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื— (ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”) “ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืกืง ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื ืกืชืจื™ื” ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืช”ื— ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืœื ื”ืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ื“ ื”’ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื” ืขื›”ืœ.

(ื”) ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืค”ื™) ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื” ืœืžื“, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืื ืœืื• ืื–ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื (ื“ืฃ ื’) ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืžืืจื™ ืžืงืจื ื•ืžืืจื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืืžื ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื— ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืœื ื˜ืจื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื–ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.

ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” (ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืค”ื— ืก”ื›) ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉืคืขื ื ืกืข ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืฉื ืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืจืื” ืฉืคื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ืขื ื ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื–ื” ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ืืš ื›ืžื” ืชืœืื•ืช ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื™ืฆืจืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœื–ื• ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ืจืง ืฆืคื™ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื”.

(ื•) ื•ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ื”ืจื‘ (ื™ื•”ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืช”ืช ืค”ื ื””ื“) ื›ืชื‘ “ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืืžืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจ”ื™ ื–”ืœ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช) ืฉื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจื“”ืก (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ืจืžื– ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืกื•ื“) ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ืชืขืฆืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืœื ืžืขื˜ – ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืชื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืช” ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื—”ื‘ ืžื™”ื‘ ืค”ื”) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจ”ื™ ื–”ืœ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื“”ืก ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ื–ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืขืกืง ื‘ื ืกืชืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื˜ืขื ื˜ืขื ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ืจืื” ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื•ืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช.

ื•ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคืจ’ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืงืกื:), ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื— ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื ืคืจ’ ื ืฉื ืงื›ื“:), ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ืงืœ:), ื•ืื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืื–ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ืงืœื‘.), ื•ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืจื–ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื•ื“ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืงื™ืข (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื). ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืื–ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืฉืžืชื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื) ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืจืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคืจ’ ืคืงื•ื“ื™) ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื™ื•ืคื™ื”ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืงื‘ืœ”ื” ืขื›”ื“ ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื (ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื—) “ื‘ืืชื™ ืขืชื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืŸ ‘ื•ื™ื“ืืœ’ ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจื›ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืชื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ืคืฅ ืขืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ” ืขื›”ืœ ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจ”ื™ ื–”ืœ (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืค”ื“) ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื “ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื ื•ืขืกืงื ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืžื–, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื•ืกืจ (ืค”ื ืกื™”ื’) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจ”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ “ื•ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ื•ืชืฉื’ื™ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉืงืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื•’, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ืœืš: ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื™ืžื™ืš ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉืงืช ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืืช ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื ืชืฉื™ื ื“ืขืชืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื – ื™ื›ืจื™ื—ื•ืš ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคืฉืš ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื˜ืขื ืžื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืชืฉืžืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื ืคืฉืš ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ืื™ื‘ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืื™ื•ืชื” ื ืคืฉื• ืœืขืกื•ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ืžืฉื, ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื” ืขื›”ืœ (ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืกื™”ื“ “ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื – ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ืฉืžืชื• ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื””ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืชืงื™ืฃ ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” – ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื—ื•ืงื•, ืžื ื’ื“ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช” ืขื™ื™”ืฉ).

ย ืžื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจ ืงื‘ืœื”? ืœืžื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”? ื•ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”?

(ื–) ืืžื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž”ืง (ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘ ื—”ื’ ืค”ื) “ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืื ืœื ื ืฉื ืืฉื” ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ืžื›ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืž’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ืžืช ื‘ื–ื” ืขืžื”ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉื• ื›ื“ืขืชื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•. ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืœื‘” ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื‘ื›ื””ื— (ืกื™’ ืงื ื” ืกืงื™”ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื™ืง ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉื•ื™, ื•ื ืฉื•ื™ ื“ื•ืงื ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืขื›”ื“.

ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกื›”ื˜, ืœื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื–ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจื–”ืœ ืืžืจื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืฆื ื•ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืž”ืž ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ “ืืžืจ ืจ”ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ื ืขืกืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืชืขืกืงืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, (ื”ืื) ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื”” ื•ื›ื•’.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžืชืจืฉืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ (ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื””ืฉ ื“ืฃ ื— ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืช”ื— ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื ืขื™ื™”ืฉ) ื•ืื ืžืช ื‘ืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ื ื•ืก ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.

ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื›ืœืœ ื—”ื•, ืืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• “ืžืคืงื™ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืชืจืขื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื”ื•ื ืขืœืžื” ื•ื›ื ”ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืคืงื™ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื™ื™”ืฉ. ื•ืข”ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” (ืœื”ื’ืจื™”ื— ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื—, ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”).

(ื—) ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื›ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื) “ื”ื’ื ืฉื›ืชืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืชื• ื”ื•ืœืžืชื•, ืืžื ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื ื’ืœื” ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ืš ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืฉื ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข – ืฉืžืกืชืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืืช ื”’ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื ื•ืจื ื”ืœื–ื• ื ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื ืขื• ืžืขื’ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ืชื“ืข ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื”.

ืืžื ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขืชื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืœืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื™ ื–”ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื›ืœ ื—ืœืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืขื” ื•ื–ืจื” ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืœื–ืืช ืžืฆืื ื• ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”'” ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ื™”ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจ”ืŸ (ืกื™’ ืจื›ื”) ืฉืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืžื•ื”ืจ”ืŸ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื ื™ืชื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืกื“ืจ ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ืืžื ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืœืžืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื˜ืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช (ื—”ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉืขืจ) ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: “ื ื•ื“ืข ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื—”ื• ื–ืฆื•ืงืœืœื””ื” ื›ื™ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื’ืฉืžื™ ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื•ืœืช ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื“ื ื›ื™ ืคื™ื–ืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืคื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื— ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื” ืœื ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืกืชืจ ืžื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฅ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•” ืขื›”ืœ ื•ืขื™ื™”ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื•ืข”ืข ืœืงืžืŸ ? ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื.

(ื˜) ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ (ื—”ื’ ืงืžื) ืžืืŸ ื“ืขื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ืคื™ืง ื˜ื‘ ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื ืื‘ืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื) ืฉืคืฉื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืื ื™ืจืื” ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืกืคืงื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื”ื™ื ืื–ื™ ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ืœื ืฉื—”ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืคืงืคื•ืง – ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืคื™ืจื” ื—”ื• ืขื›ืช”ื“.

ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” (ืขืž’ ืœื’-ืœื–) ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ืจื•ืื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• – ืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ืื ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืื™ื–ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžื“ื” ืจืขื” ื–ื• ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืคืจ ืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” – ืฉื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉื›ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื ืขื›ืช”ื“.

(ื™) ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ”ืŸ (ืกื™’ ืชืงื›ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื ื•ืืฃ. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–”ืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ื™ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื•) “ื ื•ืืฃ ืืฉื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื‘”, ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื ื•ืืฃ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื”’ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืื ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืขื›”ื“. ื•ืข”ืข ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจ”ืŸ (ืกื™’ ืจืžื˜).

(ื™ื) ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืžื”ืจื””ืง ืจ’ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื””ืง ืžืงื•ืžืืจื ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื ืขืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืง’ ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ื•ื™ื—ืœ ืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื ืื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืชื—ื ืŸ ืœื• ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•ืจ”ื™ ืงืžืืจื ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’. ืคืขื ื’ ื‘ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื•, ื ืขืชืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืง’ ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื• ืœืžื—ืจืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืื•, ืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืข”ื—, ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื: “ื›ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืช”ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•, ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื™ืช'”, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžืขื˜, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•, ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ืืช, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืื™ื“ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื, ื–ื™ืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื•ืœื ื™ืกืฃ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื• ืขื•ื“.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™”ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืื“ืžื•”ืจ ืžืกืคื™ื ืงื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื””ืง ืžืฆืื ื– ื–ื™”ืข ืขื””ืค “ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืกืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ื”ืกืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื•. ืืš ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ืš ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืฉืžื• ื™ืช’ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืž”ืฉ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืœื• ื™ืช’. ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืžื”ืจ”ื™ ืฆืžื— ืœืข”ื— (ื“ืฃ ื”’ ืข”ื‘) ื•ื–”ืœ, “ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ืืช ืขืชื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื’ืŸ ืขืชื” ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ ืฉืœื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ื•ืขืชื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื ืœื ืงืจื™ืืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืข”ื“ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื–”ืœ ืฉื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ืขืชื” ื›ืžื• ื ื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื””ืจ ื•ืฉื ืื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”’ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื ื™ื ื• ืื›ื™”ืจ” ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืข”ื— ื‘ื˜ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, “ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื™ืช'”.

ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื ืงืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืง, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื™”ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืจ”ื™ ืฆืžื—, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืง’ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื— ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื””ืง ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• “ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื ืขื ื”ืืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืจ ื™ืช”ืฉ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ื•ืื ืœืื•, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืฉื™”ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”. ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืžื ื•ื—, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™’ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื™”ืช, ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืชืฉืก”ื–, ืขืž’ ืขื–-ืขื—).

ืฉืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ:

ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
ื•ื•ืฆืืค
ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ
ื”ื“ืคืกื”

ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื— ืœืฉืื•ืœย ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื ืœื ืžืฆืืชื ืืช ืฉื—ืฉืงื” ื ืคืฉื›ื ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ, ืืœ ืชื”ืกืกื•. ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค, ืื• ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืขืžื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ืขื ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.

ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค, ืื• ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืขืžื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ืขื ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.